The primary survey

The primary survey organizes urgent assessment into a sequence that is easy to remember under pressure. Move deliberately, address threats as they appear, and reassess after every intervention.

Start with the immediate picture

Observe the patient before focusing on a monitor. General appearance, work of breathing, skin signs, and responsiveness often reveal the most important problem first.

A simple sequence

1. Airway: Confirm that air can move freely.
2. Breathing: Assess rate, effort, symmetry, and oxygenation.
3. Circulation: Evaluate pulse, perfusion, bleeding, and blood pressure.
4. Disability: Establish a brief neurologic baseline.
5. Exposure: Look for findings hidden by clothing while preserving dignity and warmth.